Pulmonary vein stenosis, particularly affecting the left lower pulmonary vein is sometimes seen following cardiac surgery. The exact mechanism is unknown but enlargement of the heart and rotation of the heart to the left can cause compression on the left lower pulmonary vein at its entrance in the left atrium. Anterolateral displacement of the descending…
“Those who think they have not time for bodily exercise will sooner or later have to find time for illness” Even though it is well known that exercise has a protective effect against cardiovascular diseases, many people find it difficult to build structured exercise in their busy lives. It is often assumed that only high…
As the UK becomes increasingly health-conscious, people are paying more attention to optimising their workout sessions than ever before. Along with protein shakes and bars, sports energy drinks have become an integral part of the gym routine. Indeed, our consumption of them soared from 235 to 600 million litres in the UK between 2006 and…
The Fontan operation represents a milestone in the treatment of children born with hearts with a functionally single pumping chamber. Unfortunately the durability of the Fontan operation is limited, primarily as a consequence of the increased pressure in the general venous circulation. As such measurement of central venous and Fontan pressures is very important to…